Space Race Answer — 2 museum-grade prints that set the mood. Alan Shepard's Freedom 7 flight on 5 May 1961 answered Soviet Vostok 1 with an American suborbital hop — enough to restore confidence and accelerate congressional commitment to Apollo. Shepard became the first American in space and, a decade later, walked on the Moon at Fra Mauro during Apollo 14 — the longest span between first flight and lunar surface of any astronaut until surpassed by later careers. Explorer 1 was the first successful US orbital launch on 31 January 1958, responding to Sputnik 1 with a science payload rather than a hollow sphere. James Van Allen's Geiger counter aboard the spacecraft discovered the radiation belts that now bear his name — a finding that shaped radiation shielding for every crewed mission that followed.